This research addresses the obstacle avoidance problem in wheeled mobile robots powered by renewable energy by considering all subsystems involved.A three-tier hierarchical controller is developed, integrating the technique of artificial potential fields.The proposed controller incorporates the 006719f dynamics of the three key subsystems typically found in a wheeled mobile robot: The mechanical structure, actuators, and power electronics.At the highest tier, input-output linearization is combined with artificial potential fields.
The medium tier employs two controllers based on differential flatness theory, while the lowest tier incorporates sliding mode control and proportional-integral control.The effectiveness of the control strategy is experimentally validated using a differential drive-type wheeled mobile robot prototype, leveraging the TDK-Lambda G100-17 as a renewable energy emulator, along with the DS1104 board kel instruments soil tester and Matlab-Simulink software.Experiments were conducted under two scenarios: a) the emulation of a commercial photovoltaic panel to simulate realistic operating conditions and b) the application of time-varying input voltages to replicate dynamic power source variations.The experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed controller against sudden changes in system parameters, confirming its reliability and effectiveness.